Green Closed-Loop Supply Chain Network under the COVID-19 Pandemic

The closed-loop supply chain considers conceptually the possibility of reverse logistics with use recycling, remanufacturing and disposal centers. This study contributes for first time a green framework ventilators, which are highly important in case COVID-19 pandemic. proposed model simulates Iranian medical ventilator production. includes environmental sustainability to limit carbon emissions as constraint. A novel stochastic optimization strategic tactical decision making is presented this network design problem. To make more realistic, most parameters considered be uncertain, along normal probability distribution. Finally, show managerial dimensions under pandemic our model, some sensitivity analyses performed. Results confirm high impact demand variations on optimal solution COVID-19.